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Contour intervals are at 0.25 K in temperature deviation and 0.1 hPa in pressure deviation. Reflectivity of the storm is represented by shading. The gray line represents the coastline.Ĭontours of (a) surface-temperature deviation fields and (b) surface-pressure deviation fields of the storm at 1634::43 UTC. The dashed rectangular region in (c) indicates the location of the region depicted in Fig. Bold dashed lines and arrows in (b) and (c) denote the estimated convergence line. Wind barbs measured at automated weather stations are also depicted (one barb denotes 5 m s −1). Four misocyclones (A–D) are indicated by couplets of (left) Doppler velocity maximum and minimum as viewed from the JR-EAST radar (cross). (left) Doppler velocity fields and (right) reflectivity fields of the storm at (a) 1623:51, (b) 1632:07, and (c) 1640:24 UTC. The grayscale represents the observation height in MSL. Hodograph of the mean wind profiler observation at Sakata Weather Station before (1610–1630 UTC, solid line with circles) and after (1700–1730 UTC, dotted line with squares) the passage of the parent storm on 1 Dec. The bold open square represents the location of the JR-EAST radar. The parent storm of the tornado is indicated by the arrow. Time series of the radar reflectivity of the JMA Niigata radar at an elevation angle of 0.0° and surface winds (barbed arrows) by Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS). The dashed rectangular region indicates the region depicted in Fig. The solid square and the dot represent the locations of the JR-EAST radar and the JMA operational Niigata radar, respectively. (b) MTSAT satellite IR1 image for the same time. The solid lines are the isobars at 2-hPa intervals. (a) Sea level pressure and surface wind vectors from MANAL at 1500 UTC. Schematic diagram of the Doppler spectrum (solid curve) and the estimated mode and mean Doppler velocities (bold arrows). (b) Crosses denote the locations of damaged houses (A–D), the solid inverted triangle indicates the location of the Sakata Fire Department, and the diamond indicates the location of the JMA’s Sakata Weather Station. Dots denote the locations of surface automated weather stations. Contours represent topography (100-, 200-, and 500-m intervals). (a) Cross and range circles represent the location of the JR-EAST radar and its observational range at 10-km intervals in radius. Map of the Shonai area, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan.